A clump-forming perennial with square, unbranched stems. All parts of the plant have a pleasant aroma. Flowers normally in 1 terminal cluster, subtended by many small leaves that frequently are rose-purple. Floral tubes to 1½ inches long, ending in 2 lips, the lower broad and recurving, the upper arching upward with stamens protruding. Flower color can be white with purple spots, pale lavender, or pinkish. Blooms April–June. Leaves minutely hairy, inconspicuously toothed, lanceolate, opposite, nearly sessile, each pair at right angles to the nearest set.
Similar species: Seven species in the genus Monarda have been recorded for Missouri. Of these, two others are most widespread:
- Wild bergamot, or horsemint (M. fistulosa) is quite similar, but its leaves each have a definite stem.
- Lemon mint or lemon beebalm (M. citriodora) is scattered mainly in the southern half of the state; it is a branching annual, and there are 2–6 rounded flower clusters, one atop the other, on the flowering stalk. Beneath each flower cluster is a whorl of narrow bracts that are white to pink to lavender. Upper leaves may be in whorls. Crushed foliage emits a scent like lemon or oregano.
Height: to about 2 feet.
Ozarks and northeastern counties; cultivated statewide.
Habitat and Conservation
Occurs in dry, open woods and edges of glades, usually on acid soil. Also found in gardens and in landscaping.
Human Connections
The showy blossoms and fragrant flowers and leaves make this a favorite native plant for gardening. Some people cultivate it in order to make a tea out of the foliage. Others enjoy the butterflies and hummingbirds it attracts. Still others appreciate its tolerance for rather poor, dry soils.
Ecosystem Connections
The flowers of this plant attract many butterflies and other insects, which gather nectar and pollinate the flowers in the process.
